David Cameron opposes Mr Juncker's instincts for closer ties with Europe
David Cameron will call for a vote from fellow EU leaders on the next European Commission president if there is an attempt to rubber-stamp Jean-Claude Juncker in the role.
Mr Cameron opposes the ex-Luxembourg PM, whom he sees as preventing EU reforms, and will demand a vote at a summit next week.
But correspondents say it looks likely Mr Juncker will get the job.
Meanwhile, business leaders have warned about EU measures affecting the City.
The row over Mr Juncker hit the headlines a few weeks ago when Mr Cameron reportedly warned the UK could leave the EU if Mr Juncker became president of the European Commission - the body which drafts EU laws.
Mr Cameron wants a delay in the process in an effort to find a consensus candidate, but if his fellow 27 EU leaders are not even willing to consider alternatives to Mr Juncker, he will call a vote and require them to set out their positions clearly.
"British officials have been clear... that if there was the political will to find consensus then the decision on commission president could and should be delayed," a source said.
"But if leaders are not even willing to consider alternative names, despite their widely expressed misgivings, then a vote should take place.
"The prime minister believes it is important that each leader sets out their position clearly when such an important principle is at stake - handing power to the parliament through a back-room deal."
'Alternative names'
Mr Cameron, who wants to renegotiate the terms of the UK's membership of the EU, wants a reformer to take charge, whereas Mr Juncker is seen by some as a politician with an instinct for ever-closer European integration.
The responsibility for proposing a new president lies with Mr Cameron's 27 fellow heads of government, in a grouping called the European Council.
European Commission
- Drafts EU legislation and enforces compliance with EU treaties
- 28 commissioners - one from each member state
- Commission now has more powers to shape national budgets
- Negotiates EU trade deals with global partners
But under new rules, they must now take into account the results of the recent European Parliament elections. Those elections returned a centre-right majority, and Mr Juncker is the centre-right's candidate for the post.
Downing Street believes that the European Parliament now has too much say.
Mr Cameron will meet the President of the European Council, Herman Van Rompuy, on Monday in Downing Street to discuss the issue, ahead of a European summit in Brussels on Friday.
Both the Labour leader Ed Miliband and Nick Clegg, the Liberal Democrat leader, have also said they do not want Mr Juncker to be the next leader of the commission.
Left-wing backingBut on Saturday, Mr Juncker received the backing of nine left-wing heads of government.
Speaking on their behalf, the President of France, Francois Hollande, said it was important to respect the spirit of the European parliament elections.
Germany's Chancellor Angela Merkel has also backed Mr Juncker's bid - after some hesitation - and he also has support from other conservative leaders.
Mr Juncker was prime minister of Luxembourg from 1995 to 2013 and one of the architects of the euro.
He is a strong advocate of a European "solidarity" union - an EU that strives to raise living standards in its poorest regions and sectors.
Poland's foreign minister, Radek Sikorski, criticised Mr Cameron's opposition to Mr Juncker on the BBC's Andrew Marr show.
He said the European Parliament's main parties had announced their candidates in advance.
Had the Conservatives been part of the European People's Party (EPP), Mr Sikorski said, Mr Cameron could have made his anti-Juncker argument "when EPP chose its candidate and he may well have prevailed".
And former defence secretary Liam Fox told the same programme that "it's been a real pleasure watching a British prime minister do what he thinks is right in Europe, rather than taking an utterly pusillanimous approach, which we've seen too often in previous governments".
City concern
Meanwhile, writing in the Sunday Times, 54 people - including Conservative donors and two former ministers Lord Lamont and Lord Flight - said they were "extremely concerned" about Britain's "difficulties" in preventing the introduction of new EU financial measures.
They say the measures - including a financial transaction tax, bonus caps and bans on short selling - will hit the "unique global standing" of the City and the wider UK financial services industry.
"As we enter a period of EU reform and renegotiation, we urge political leaders to remember the significant contribution that our industry plays in Britain's economic success," they said.
BBC political correspondent Chris Mason says the letter highlights the challenge David Cameron faces - "convincing people he can reform the UK's relationship with Brussels sufficiently to be able to argue Britain should remain within the EU, in a referendum he'd like to hold in 2017".
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Liam FoxFormer defence secretary"It's been a real pleasure watching a British prime minister do what he thinks is right in Europe”
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